Abulia is characterized by difficulty in initiating and sustaining spontaneous movements; the person often appears frozen but will move hesitantly on request. There are frequently substantial reductions in emotional responsiveness, spontaneous speech, and social interaction. The individual appears to be content to remain still and inactive with minimal movement, but moves or reacts hesitantly in response to interactions. More info: Visit NIH

Achromatopsia, also known as rod monochromacy, is a medical syndrome that exhibits symptoms relating to five conditions, most notably monochromacy. Historically, the name referred to monochromacy in general, but now typically refers only to an autosomal recessive congenital color vision condition. Other names: Rod Monochromacy

Agraphia is an impairment or loss of a previous ability to write. Agraphia can occur in isolation, although it often occurs concurrently with other neurologic deficits such as alexia, apraxia, or hemispatial neglect. Clinically, agraphia can be divided into central agraphia (linguistic or aphasic agraphia) and peripheral agraphia (nonlinguistic or nonaphasic agraphia)

AIDS—neurological manifestations. Among the most common neurological complications are: AIDS dementia complex, causing symptoms such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), behavioral changes, and a gradual decline in cognitive function; central nervous system lymphomas, cancerous tumors that either begin in the brain or result from a cancer that has spread from another site in the body; cryptococcal meningitis; cytomegalovirus infections; herpes virus infections; neuropathy; neurosyphilis; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML); and psychological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Akinetopsia is an inability to detect motion, so that a moving object such as a car will appear to “jump” from one stationary position to another. Compared with the other higher visuospatial disorders, cases of cerebral akinetopsia are very rare.

Alcoholism is a common medical condition. In this disorder, people can’t stop drinking, even when drinking affects their health, puts their safety at risk and damages their personal relationships.

Alien hand syndrome or Dr. Strangelove syndrome is a category of conditions in which a person experiences their limbs acting seemingly on their own, without conscious control over the actions. There are a variety of clinical conditions that fall under this category, which most commonly affects the left hand.

Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome — also known at MCT8 deficiency — is a rare genetic disorder that affects a child’s cognition, mobility and overall health. In individuals with AHDS, thyroid hormone is unable to enter cells in the brain because of a defect in a thyroid hormone transporter called MCT8.

Alternating hemiplegia of childhood is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of temporary paralysis, often affecting one side of the body (hemiplegia). During some episodes, the paralysis alternates from one side of the body to the other or affects both sides at the same time.

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear later in life.

Amaurosis fugax is a temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes due to a lack of blood flow to the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball.

Amnesia is a general term describing memory loss. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion and the inability to recognise familiar faces or places. Some of the causes of temporary amnesia include concussion, severe illness and high fever, emotional stress, some drugs and electroconvulsive therapy.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal type of motor neuron disease. It causes progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. It’s often called Lou Gehrig disease after a famous baseball player who died from the disease.

Aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50% of the vessel’s normal diameter (width). An aneurysm may occur in any blood vessel, but is most often seen in an artery rather than a vein.

Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system. Characteristic features of this condition include delayed development, intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and problems with movement and balance (ataxia).

Anosognosia is a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition. It is associated with mental illness, dementia, and structural brain lesion, as is seen in right hemisphere stroke patients.

Aphasia is a disorder that affects how you communicate. It can impact your speech, as well as the way you write and understand both spoken and written language. Aphasia usually happens suddenly after a stroke or a head injury. But it can also come on gradually from a slow-growing brain tumor or a disease that causes progressive, permanent damage (degenerative). The severity of aphasia depends on a number of things, including the cause and the extent of the brain damage.

Aphantasia. The neurologist Adam Zeman coined the word “aphantasia” to describe the experience of lacking a mind’s eye. His research suggests that the phenomenon is caused by connection differences in the brain.

Apraxia of speech (AOS)—also known as acquired apraxia of speech, verbal apraxia, or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) when diagnosed in children—is a speech sound disorder. Someone with AOS has trouble saying what he or she wants to say correctly and consistently.

Arachnoiditis is a persistent inflammation of the arachnoid mater and subarachnoid space. Clinical symptoms of arachnoiditis include severe back pain, paresthesia, limb weakness, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. Adhesive arachnoiditis is a severe form of this condition, and it can be painful and debilitating.

Arnold-Chiari malformation is where the lower part of the brain pushes down into the spinal canal. Credit: Multimedia Team – nhs.uk. There are 4 main types, but type 1, called Chiari I, is the most common.

Asomatognosia is defined as a patient’s feeling that parts of his or her body are “missing” or have disappeared from corporeal awareness.

Asperger syndrome is a form of Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is a developmental disorder. Young people with Asperger’s Syndrome may have a hard time relating to others socially, repetitive behavior patterns, and a narrow range of interests.

Ataxia is a loss of muscle control. People with ataxia lose muscle control in their arms and legs. This may lead to a lack of balance and coordination and trouble walking. Ataxia may affect the movements of: Fingers.

ATR-16 syndrome. The two primary features of ATR-16 syndrome are a blood disorder known as alpha thalassemia (AT stands for alpha thalassemia in the term ATR-16), a condition affects the production of hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen, and intellectual disability.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
ADHD often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. It may contribute to low self-esteem, troubled relationships, and difficulty at school or work. Symptoms include limited attention and hyperactivity. Treatments include medication and talk therapy.

Auditory processing disorder is a disorder of the auditory system which causes a disruption in the way an individual’s brain understands what they are hearing. This means that someone with APD does not have hearing loss, despite showing difficulty with hearing-related tasks.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave.

Behcet’s disease is an auto-inflammatory systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. It is characterized by mucocutaneous manifestations, including recurrent oral and genital ulcerations, ocular manifestations, especially chronic relapsing uveitis, and systemic vasculitis involving arteries and veins of all sizes.

Bell’s palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis. It begins suddenly and can get worse over 48 hours. This condition results from damage to the facial nerve (the 7th cranial nerve). Pain and discomfort usually occur on one side of the face or head. Bell palsy can affect anyone at any age.

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Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration. These shifts can make it difficult to carry out day-to-day tasks.

Blindsight is the ability of people who are cortically blind to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see due to lesions in the primary visual cortex, also known as the striate cortex or Brodmann Area 17. The term was coined by Lawrence Weiskrantz and his colleagues in a paper published in a 1974 issue of Brain. A previous paper studying the discriminatory capacity of a cortically blind patient was published in Nature in 1973.[3] The assumed existence of blindsight is controversial, with some arguing that it is merely degraded conscious vision.

Brachial plexus injuries cut off all or parts of the communication between the spinal cord and the arm, wrist and hand. This may mean that you can’t use your arm or hand. Often, brachial plexus injuries also result in total loss of sensation in the area.

Brain injury often occurs as a result of a severe sports injury or car accident. Immediate or delayed symptoms may include confusion, blurry vision, and concentration difficulty. Infants may cry persistently or be irritable. Treatment may involve rest, medication, and surgery.

Brain tumors can form in the brain cells (as shown), or it can begin elsewhere and spread to the brain. As the tumor grows, it creates pressure on and changes the function of surrounding brain tissue, which causes signs and symptoms such as headaches, nausea and balance problems.

Brody myopathy is a condition that affects the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles used for movement. Affected individuals experience muscle cramping and stiffening after exercise or other strenuous activity, especially in cold temperatures. These symptoms typically begin in childhood.

Canavan disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects your brain. It’s a neurodegenerative condition, meaning your brain abnormality worsens over time. Lack of an important brain chemical makes your brain become spongy, and it doesn’t function correctly.

Capgras delusion or delusion of doubles, is a delusional misidentification syndrome. It is a syndrome characterized by a false belief of identical doubles of someone significant to the patient.

Causalgia Central pain syndrome arises after an injury or trauma to a peripheral nerve. Peripheral nerves run from your spine and brain to your extremities. The most common site of CRPS II pain is the “brachial plexus,” the group of nerves that run from the neck to the arm.

Central pontine myelinolysis is a neurological condition involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons. It is predominately iatrogenic, and is characterized by acute paralysis, dysphagia, dysarthria, and other neurological symptoms.

Centronuclear myopathy Centronuclear myopathy is a condition characterized by muscle weakness (myopathy) and wasting (atrophy) in the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles used for movement. The severity of centronuclear myopathy varies among affected individuals, even among members of the same family.

Cephalic disorders affect the central nervous system as it develops. They may also affect the brain and the growth of the skull.

Cerebral aneurysm (also called a cerebral aneurysm or an intracranial aneurysm) is a ballooning arising from a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain. If the brain aneurysm expands and the blood vessel wall becomes too thin, the aneurysm will rupture and bleed into the space around the brain.

Cerebral arteriosclerosis is a disease that occurs when the arteries in the brain become hard, thick, and narrow due to the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) inside the artery walls.

Cerebral atrophy is a loss of neurons and connections between neurons. Different conditions cause brain atrophy, including cerebral palsy, dementia and infectious diseases. Symptoms and severity of brain atrophy depend on the specific disease and location of damage.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, usually called CADASIL, is an inherited condition that causes stroke and other impairments. This condition affects blood flow in small blood vessels, particularly cerebral vessels within the brain. The muscle cells surrounding these blood vessels (vascular smooth muscle cells) are abnormal and gradually die. In the brain, the resulting blood vessel damage (arteriopathy) can cause migraines, often with visual sensations or auras, or recurrent seizures (epilepsy).

Cerebral dysgenesis-neuropathy-ichthyosis-keratoderma syndrome (CEDNIK) refers to a unique constellation of clinical manifestations including global developmental delay with hypotonia, roving eye movements or nystagmus, poor motor skills, and impaired intellectual development with speech delay.

Cerebral gigantism Cerebral palsy is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutation in the NSD1 gene on chromosome 5. AKA Sotos Syndrome.

Cerebral hypoxia occurs when there is not enough oxygen getting to the brain. The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function.

Cerebral vasculitis is a rare condition that affects the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. Vasculitis causes inflammation of the blood vessels. This restricts blood flow and can damage the brain and spinal cord, and can cause loss of brain function, stroke and even life-threatening conditions.

Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurs when there is a tear or hole in the membranes surrounding the brain or spinal cord, allowing the clear fluid that surrounds and cushions those organs to escape. An increased risk of meningitis is associated with cranial CSF leaks.

Cervical spinal stenosis is a common cause of neck pain. It happens as there are changes with the vertebrae of the neck and the joints between those vertebrae. Bone spurs begin to form, causing cervical spinal stenosis. As the bone spurs grow, the spinal canal narrows and put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is one of a group of disorders that cause damage to the peripheral nerves—the nerves that transmit information and signals from the brain and spinal cord to and from the rest of the body, as well as sensory information such as touch, back to the spinal cord and brain. CMT also can directly affect the nerves that control the muscles.

Chiari malformation is a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It occurs when part of the skull is misshapen or smaller than is typical. The skull presses on the brain and forces it downward.

Chorea is a symptom that causes involuntary, irregular or unpredictable muscle movements. It affects your arms, legs and facial muscles. Chorea comes from the Greek word that means “to dance.” It can make you look like you’re dancing, restless or fidgety. Chorea itself isn’t life-threatening.

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a serious and often long-lasting illness that keeps people from doing their usual activities. It makes physical and mental exertion difficult. Symptoms include trouble thinking, severe tiredness and other symptoms. There is no known cause or cure.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is a disorder that involves nerve swelling and irritation (inflammation) that leads to a loss of strength or sensation. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

Chronic pain is long standing pain that persists beyond the usual recovery period or occurs along with a chronic health condition, such as arthritis. Chronic pain may be “on” and “off” or continuous.

Cluster Headache is an uncommon type of headache. It is one-sided head pain that may involve tearing of the eyes, a droopy eyelid, and a stuffy nose. Attacks last from 15 minutes to 3 hours, occur daily or almost daily for weeks or months.

Cockayne syndrome is a rare inherited disorder in which people are sensitive to sunlight, have short stature, and have the appearance of premature aging. In the classical form of Cockayne syndrome (Type I), the symptoms are progressive and typically become apparent after the age of 1 year.

Coffin-Lowry syndrome is a genetic disorder that is X-linked dominant and which causes severe mental problems sometimes associated with abnormalities of growth, cardiac abnormalities, kyphoscoliosis, as well as auditory and visual abnormalities.

Coma is a state of prolonged loss of consciousness. It can have a variety of causes, including traumatic head injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug or alcohol intoxication. A coma may even be caused by an underlying illness, such as diabetes or an infection. Coma is a medical emergency.

Complex regional pain syndrome is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities — most commonly your hand. There are several treatment options for CRPS.

Compression neuropathy is a condition in which a nerve becomes compressed, or entrapped, between two other structures in the body. Usually, the nerve is compressed between a ligament and a bone. Repetitive motion can cause the ligament and bone to press or rub against the nerve.

Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by weakness and wasting (atrophy) in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). It is caused by a loss of specialized nerve cells, called motor neurons that control muscle movement. The weakness tends to be more severe in the muscles that are close to the center of the body (proximal) compared to muscles away from the body’s center (distal). The muscle weakness usually worsens with age. There are many types of spinal muscular atrophy that are caused by changes in the same genes.

Congenital facial diplegia

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a form of frontotemporal degeneration, a dementia that involves the loss of cognitive functions such as the ability to think, remember, or reason to the point that it interferes with a person’s daily life and activities. CBD can affect: Movement. Balance. Coordination.

Cranial arteritis can involve other blood vessels, like your posterior ciliary arteries (leading to blindness), or large blood vessels like your aorta and its branches, which can also lead to serious health problems. Other names for the condition include cranial arteritis and Horton’s arteritis.

Craniosynostosis is a disorder present at birth in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of your baby’s skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before your baby’s brain is fully formed. Brain growth continues, giving the head a misshapen appearance.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare, rapidly worsening brain disorder that causes unique changes in brain tissue and affects muscle coordination thinking, and memory. There are about 350 cases per year in the U.S. The two main symptoms of CJD are: Severe mental deterioration and dementia.

Cumulative trauma disorders, (CTDs) also known as repetitive strain injuries, repetitive motion disorders, overuse syndrome and work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Cushing’s syndrome can cause facial roundness, weight gain around the middle body and upper back, thinning of the arms and legs, easy bruising, and stretch marks.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome is characterized by episodes of severe vomiting that have no apparent cause. Episodes can last for hours or days and alternate with symptom-free periods. Episodes are similar, meaning that they tend to start at the same time of day, last the same length of time, and occur with the same symptoms and intensity.

Cyclothymic disorder, also called cyclothymic disorder, is a rare mood disorder. Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they’re not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder. With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline.

Cytomegalic inclusion body disease also known as cytomegalic inclusion disease is a series of signs and symptoms caused by cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis or other rare infections such as herpes or rubella viruses. It can produce massive calcification of the central nervous system, and often the kidneys.

Cytomegalovirus Infection Dandy-Walker syndrome is a rare congenital neurological anomaly that affects the development of the cerebellum, the region of the brain responsible for motor coordination and balance. This posterior fossa anomaly is characterized by agenesis or hypoplasia of the vermis and cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle, causing upward displacement of the tentorium and torcula.

Dawson disease is a rare form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus. The condition primarily affects children, teens, and young adults.

De Morsier’s syndrome is a rare congenital malformation syndrome that features a combination of the underdevelopment of the optic nerve, pituitary gland dysfunction, and absence of the septum pellucidum.

Dejerine-Klumpke palsy is a neuropathy involving the lower brachial plexus.

Dejerine-Sottas disease is a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy with onset in infancy. It can show autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. Affected individuals have delayed motor development due to severe distal motor and sensory impairment, resulting in difficulties in gait.

Delayed sleep phase disorder or syndrome is a disorder in which a person’s sleep is delayed by two hours or more beyond what is considered an acceptable or conventional bedtime. The delayed sleep then causes difficulty in being able to wake up at the desired time.

Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning — thinking, remembering, and reasoning — to such an extent that it interferes with a person’s daily life and activities. Some people with dementia cannot control their emotions, and their personalities may change.

Dermatomyositis is a rare condition that causes muscle inflammation. It presents with symmetric proximal muscle weakness, skin rash, and extramacular manifestations, such as esophageal dysfunction and interstitial lung disease. Dermatomyositis is strongly associated with malignancy, especially in adults.

Developmental coordination disorder may occur alone or with other developmental disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It usually continues into adulthood. Symptoms include delays in sitting or walking. Children may find it difficult to jump or perform tasks such as tying shoelaces.

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerves throughout the body. Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in the legs and feet.

Diffuse sclerosis Diplopia causes include myasthenia gravis, a weakness in the body’s voluntary muscles, multiple sclerosis, a brain tumor or aneurysm, a stroke and giant cell arteritis. Sometimes the causes have multiple layers. For example, long-term smoking can lead to a brain aneurysm, which, in turn, can cause double vision.

Disorders of consciousness Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V, a rare autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy disease characterized by muscle weakness and wasting predominantly affecting the hands, in particular the thenar and first dorsal interosseus muscles, and/or marked foot deformity and gait disturbance. Sensation is normal, although reduced response to vibration has been described. The disease is slowly progressive with an age of onset within the first few decades of life.

Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1 is the most common and severe form of SMA. It’s sometimes called Werdnig-Hoffmann disease or infantile-onset SMA. Children with type 1 have limited movement, can’t sit without support, and have trouble breathing, feeding, and swallowing. Symptoms begin at birth or within the first six months of life.

Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 2 is an intermediate form of SMA. Children with this type may sit without support at some point but cannot walk on their own. Symptoms typically start between 6 and 18 months of age. Depending on the severity of symptoms, children with type 2 may have a normal life span.

Down syndrome s a genetic condition where a person is born with an extra chromosome. This can affect how their brain and body develop. People diagnosed with Down syndrome can lead healthy lives with supportive care.

Dravet syndrome, previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder which causes a catastrophic form of epilepsy, with prolonged seizures that are often triggered by hot temperatures or fever.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe forms of inherited muscular dystrophies. It is the most common hereditary neuromuscular disease and does not exhibit a predilection for any race or ethnic group. Mutations in the dystrophin gene lead to progressive muscle fiber degeneration and weakness.

Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult to form and pronounce words. Motor speech disorders occur when damage to your nervous system prevents you from fully controlling parts of your body that control speech, like your tongue, voice box (larynx) and jaw.

Dysautonomia is a nervous system disorder that disrupts autonomic body processes. These are automatic functions like your blood pressure and heart rate. Having dysautonomia means these functions don’t work properly, causing disruptive symptoms.

Dyscalculia is a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to understand number-based information and math. People who have dyscalculia struggle with numbers and math because their brains don’t process math-related concepts like the brains of people without this disorder.

Dysgraphia is a neurological condition in which someone has difficulty turning their thoughts into written language for their age and ability to think, despite exposure to adequate instruction and education. Dysgraphia can present with many different symptoms at different ages. It’s considered a learning difference.Jun 15, 2022

Dyskinesia is uncontrolled, involuntary movement that may occur with long-term levodopa use and longer time with Parkinson’s. Not everyone will develop this complication, and the experience of dyskinesia varies. New and emerging treatments aim to help avoid dyskinesia.

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process language.

Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract. This can cause twisting motions or other movements that happen repeatedly and that aren’t under the person’s control. When the condition affects one part of the body, it’s called focal dystonia.

Empty sella syndrome is the condition when the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, filling the sella turcica with cerebrospinal fluid instead of the normal pituitary. It can be discovered as part of the diagnostic workup of pituitary disorders, or as an incidental finding when imaging the brain.

Encephalitis is inflammation of the active tissues of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune response. The inflammation causes the brain to swell, which can lead to headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, mental confusion and seizures.

Encephalocele is a sac-like protrusion of the brain and membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull. Surgery is required to place the brain and membranes back in the skull. Researchers estimate about 1 in every 10,400 babies is born with encephalocele in the United States.

Encephalopathy s a group of conditions that cause brain dysfunction. Brain dysfunction can appear as confusion, memory loss, personality changes and/or coma in the most severe form. There are different types, each with different causes that range from infection, exposure to toxins, an underlying condition and more.

Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis is a rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. It is one of the phakomatoses and is often associated with port-wine stains of the face, glaucoma, seizures, intellectual disability, and ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma.

Encopresis is defined as the involuntary passing of stool into inappropriate places such as the underwear in children older than four years of age.

Enuresis is the medical term for bedwetting. Incontinence is accidental or intentional urination in children who are at an age where they should be able to have control of their bladders.

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Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke.
During a seizure, a person experiences abnormal behavior, symptoms, and sensations, sometimes including loss of consciousness. There are few symptoms between seizures.

Epilepsy-intellectual disability in females is a rare type of epilepsy that affects predominately females and is characterized by clusters of brief seizures, which start in infancy or early childhood, and is occasionally accompanied by varying degrees of cognitive impairment. The striking pattern of onset seizures at a young age, genetic testing and laboratory results, potential developmental delays or developmental regression and associated disorders, eases diagnosis.

Erb’s palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by the injury to the upper group of the main nerves supplying it, specifically the upper trunk C5-C6 of the brachial plexus.

Erythromelalgia is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by a triad of redness, warmth, and burning pain, most notably affecting the extremities. It usually affects the lower extremities (most commonly feet) or may involve upper extremities (hands) in few cases.

Essential tremor is a condition that affects the nervous system, causing involuntary and rhythmic shaking or trembling. This shaking is often most obvious in the hands and forearms, but essential tremor can also affect the head, voice, face, and rarely the legs. This movement disorder is not life-threatening.

Exploding head syndrome is an abnormal sensory perception during sleep in which a person experiences auditory hallucinations that are loud and of short duration when falling asleep or waking up. The noise may be frightening, typically occurs only occasionally, and is not a serious health concern.

Fabry’s disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal disorder that results in excessive deposition of lipids in the tissues. Young patients usually present with stroke, skin lesions, heart attack, or renal failure. Once the diagnosis is made, an interprofessional approach is vital.

Fahr’s syndrome is a rare, genetically dominant, inherited neurological disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium in areas of the brain that control movement, including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex.

Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness from a sudden decrease of blood flow to your brain. An episode usually lasts a few seconds or minutes. Most are harmless, but if you faint often or have other symptoms, you should seek medical attention.

Familial spastic paralysis refers to a group of inherited disorders that involves weakness and spasticity, which is stiffness of the legs. These symptoms get worse over time. Early in the disease, there may be mild trouble walking and stiffness.

Fetal alcohol syndrome. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly mis- and under-diagnosed.

Febrile seizures are seizures that happen in children because of a fever. These seizures are usually short-lived and harmless. The overwhelming majority of children who have them will recover quickly and won’t experience any long-term effects or complications. But between 2.5% and 5% of children who have complex febrile seizures will develop epilepsy.

Fisher syndrome is a rare disorder that causes your immune system to attack nerves, often in your face. It can cause issues with eye and facial movements, coordination and balance.

Holmes-Adie syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by a tonically dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows a more definite response to accommodation. It is frequently seen in females with absent knee or ankle jerks and impaired sweating.

Holoprosencephaly is a brain condition in which the two halves of a baby’s brain do not fully separate, as they normally would, while they develop in the womb. The brain is made of two halves, or hemispheres, that are mirror images of each other.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Usually, males are more severely affected by this disorder than females. Affected individuals usually have delayed development of speech and language by age 2.

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is characterized by problems with movement and thinking ability (cognition). FXTAS is a late-onset disorder, usually occurring after age 50, and its signs and symptoms worsen with age. This condition affects males more frequently and severely than females.

Friedreich’s ataxia is a disorder that affects some of the body’s nerves and the heart. It’s caused by a gene defect that’s inherited from both parents. Symptoms often start in late childhood. They can include trouble walking, fatigue, changes in feelings, and slowed speech. These tend to get worse over time.

Frontotemporal dementia is a group of disorders that occur when nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are lost. This causes the lobes to shrink. FTD can affect behavior, personality, language, and movement. FTD is one of the most common dementias to strike at younger people.

Functional neurological symptom disorder is a condition in which patients experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement problems, sensory symptoms, and convulsions.

Gaucher’s disease is a rare genetic disorder passed down from parents to children (inherited). When you have Gaucher disease, you are missing an enzyme that breaks down fatty substances called lipids. Lipids start to build up in certain organs such as your spleen and liver.

Generalized anxiety disorder can occur at any age. The condition has symptoms similar to panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other types of anxiety. These symptoms include constant worry, restlessness, and trouble with concentration.

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus is a familial epilepsy syndrome in which family members display a seizure disorder from the GEFS+ spectrum which ranges from simple febrile seizures (FS) to the more severe phenotype of myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (MAE) or Dravet syndrome (DS) (see these terms).

Gerstmann’s syndrome is a rare neurological disorder consisting of a tetrad of symptoms which include impairment in performing calculations (acalculia), discriminating their own fingers (finger agnosia), writing by hands (agraphia) and impairment of distinguishing left from right (left-right disorientation).

Giant cell arteritis is an inflammatory disease affecting the large blood vessels of the scalp, neck and arms. Inflammation causes a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels, which interrupts blood flow. The disease is commonly associated with polymyalgia rheumatica.

Giant cell inclusion disease with inclusion body characteristic of cytomegalovirus colitis. Between 50% and 80% of the world’s population is seropositive for CMV. The initial CMV infection in the immunocompetent host typically is mild and goes undetected clinically.

Globoid cell leukodystrophy is a rare, inherited neurological condition that gets worse over time. It usually results in death.

Gray matter heterotopia, characterized by the ectopic position of neurons along the ventricular walls or in the deep white matter.

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the nerves. It can cause weakness, numbness or paralysis. Weakness and tingling in the hands and feet are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread and may lead to paralysis.

Head injury Headache is one of the most common symptoms after traumatic brain injury (often called “post-traumatic headache”). Over 30% of people with moderate to severe TBI report having headaches which continue long after injury. An even larger percentage people with mild TBI complain of headache.

Hemicrania Continua is a chronic and persistent form of headache marked by continuous pain that varies in severity and always occurs on the same side of the face and head. Some individuals with hemicrania continua have bilateral pain, or pain on both sides of the head.

Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder that involves frequent contractions or spasms of the muscles on one side of the face. The spasms are involuntary, meaning they happen on their own without trying. The disorder occurs in both men and women, yet it is more common in middle-aged or older women.

Hemispatial neglect is characterised by reduced awareness of stimuli on one side of space, even though there may be no sensory loss. Although it is extremely common, it has proven to be a challenging condition to understand, and to treat.

Hereditary motor neuropathies is a progressive disorder that affects nerve cells in the spinal cord. It results in muscle weakness and affects movement, primarily in the legs. Onset of distal hereditary motor neuropathy, type II ranges from the teenage years through mid-adulthood.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia refers to a group of over 80 different genetic conditions that present with progressive spasticity (muscle tightness) and weakness. Many forms of HSP are rare or even ultra-rare diseases.

Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis is an inborn error of metabolism, in which the body accumulates exogenous phytanic acid.

Herpes zoster is a viral syndrome caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. After an episode of varicella (chicken-pox), the varicella-zoster virus remains dormant in the nervous system. Herpes zoster typically occurs in adults or elderly.

Herpes zoster oticus occurs when a shingles outbreak affects the facial nerve near one of your ears. In addition to the painful shingles rash, Ramsay Hunt syndrome can cause facial paralysis and hearing loss in the affected ear.

Hirayama syndrome, also known as monomelic amyotrophy, is a rare motor neuron disease first described in 1959 in Japan. Its symptoms usually appear about two years after adolescent growth spurt and is significantly more common in males, with an average age of onset between 15 and 25 years.

Hirschsprung’s disease is a condition that affects the large intestine (colon) and causes problems with passing stool. The condition is present at birth (congenital) as a result of missing nerve cells in the muscles of the baby’s colon.

Holmes-Adie syndrome , also known as Holmes–Adie syndrome, is a neurological disorder characterized by a tonically dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows a more definite response to accommodation. It is frequently seen in females with absent knee or ankle jerks and impaired sweating.

Holoprosencephaly is a brain condition in which the two halves of a baby’s brain do not fully separate, as they normally would, while they develop in the womb. The brain is made of two halves, or hemispheres, that are mirror images of each other.

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy is a progressive disease of the CNS that causes weakness or paralysis of the legs, lower back pain and urinary symptoms.

Huntington’s disease is an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die. The disease attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary (intentional) movement, as well as other areas.

Hydranencephaly is a rare congenital abnormality in which the cerebral hemispheres are absent with the basal ganglia, brainstem and meninges preserved. It is commonly caused by infarction secondary to bilateral internal carotid artery obstruction. In some cases, patients appear normal at birth.

Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain. This excess fluid causes the ventricles to widen, putting harmful pressure on the brain’s tissues.

Hypercortisolism is a rare endocrine disorder caused by chronic exposure of the body’s tissues to excess levels of cortisol—a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland. Neurological symptoms include muscle weakness and difficulties with memory and concentration.

Hypoalgesia occurs when nociceptive (painful) stimuli are interrupted or decreased somewhere along the path between the input (nociceptors), and the places where they are processed and recognized as pain in the conscious mind. Hypoalgesic effects can be mild, such as massaging a stubbed toe to make it hurt less or taking aspirin to decrease a headache, or they can be severe, like being under strong anesthesia.

Hypoesthesia is decreased sensitivity to stimulation. Essentially, it is an area of relative numbness and may be due to any kind of nerve injury. Areas of hypoesthesia are created intentionally by local infiltrations of anesthetics.

Immune-mediated encephalomyelitis is a collection of related conditions in which the body’s immune system attacks the brain, causing inflammation.

Inclusion body myositis is a rare condition that causes muscle weakness and damage. Symptoms of IBM vary, but usually include progressive weakness in muscles of the hand, forearm, thigh and lower leg. Diagnosing IBM can be challenging because the symptoms are not unique to this condition.

Incontinentia pigmenti is an inherited (genetic) condition that affects the skin and other systems in the body. Skin symptoms change with time and begin with a blistering rash in infancy, followed by wart-like skin growths.

Infantile spasms is a rare but serious type of epilepsy. It’s associated with a unique, very abnormal brain wave pattern that can cause serious harm to a young, developing brain. This seizure type can happen during the first 2 years of life, most commonly between 5–7 months of age.

Inflammatory myopathy are a group of rare diseases that involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and in some cases, muscle pain. Myopathy is a general term used to describe a number of conditions affecting the muscles.

Intracranial cyst is a fluid-filled sac in the brain. They can be noncancer (benign) or cancer (malignant). Benign means that the growth doesn’t spread to other parts of the body. A cyst may contain blood, pus, or other material. In the brain, cysts sometimes contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Intracranial hypertension happens when high pressure around the brain causes symptoms like vision changes and headaches. “Idiopathic” means the cause isn’t known, “intracranial” means in the skull, and “hypertension” means high pressure.

Joubert syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by abnormal brain development that includes the absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (an area of the brain that controls balance and coordination) and a malformed brain stem.

Karak syndrome is novel and a member of the. growing family of neurological diseases involving excess. cerebral iron accumulation, for example, PKAN, neuroferritin- opathy, aceruloplasminaemia, and Friedreich’s ataxia.2–6.

Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a rare neuromuscular condition that impacts your eyes and other parts of your body, including your heart. It happens due to a defect in the DNA of mitochondria, which help produce most of your body’s energy.

Kinsbourne syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that primarily affects children previously healthy and aged between 6 and 36 months.

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia accompanied by cognitive and behavioral changes. These changes may include disinhibition, sometimes manifested through hypersexuality, hyperphagia or emotional lability, and other symptoms, such as derealization.

Klippel Feil syndrome is a rare disorder where two or more vertebrae in the neck are fused together from birth. People living with Klippel-Feil syndrome may have a short neck limited movement, and pain.

Krabbe disease is a rare and often fatal lysosomal storage disease that results in progressive damage to the nervous system. KD involves dysfunctional metabolism of sphingolipids and is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The disease is named after the Danish neurologist Knud Krabbe

Kufor-Rakeb syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive form of juvenile-onset atypical Parkinson disease (PARK9) associated with supranuclear gaze palsy, spasticity, and dementia.

Kugelberg-Welander disease is a milder type of inherited spinal muscular atrophy characterized by wasting and weakness in the muscles of the arms and legs and eventual loss of ambulation

Lafora disease is a severe form of progressive myoclonic epilepsy manifested by generalized seizures, myoclonus, intellectual decline, ataxia, spasticity, dysarthria, visual loss, and, in later stages, psychosis and dementia.

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome s a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs. It is also known as myasthenic syndrome, Eaton–Lambert syndrome, and when related to cancer, carcinomatous myopathy.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome is a rare age-related epileptic encephalopathy that usually manifests itself in children aged 3 to 8 years with previously normal development. The disorder is characterized by language regression and seizures and is often associated with social cognitive deficits.

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome

Leigh’s disease is a severe neurological disorder that usually becomes apparent in the first year of life. This condition is characterized by progressive loss of mental and movement abilities (psychomotor regression) and typically results in death within two to three years, usually due to respiratory failure.

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe condition characterized by repeated seizures (epilepsy) that begin early in life. Affected individuals have multiple types of seizures, developmental delays, and particular patterns of brain activity measured by a test called an electroencephalogram (EEG).

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare inborn error of purine metabolism characterized by the absence or deficiency of the activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). Purines are nitrogen-containing compounds found in many foods (e.g., organ meats, poultry, and legumes).

Leukodystrophy is a group of rare, genetic disorders that affect the white matter of the brain. The word leukodystrophy comes from leuko, which means white, and dystrophy, which means imperfect growth. Leukodystrophies are characterized by this abnormal growth of white matter in the brain.

Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter is a progressive disorder that mainly affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). This disorder causes deterioration of the central nervous system’s white matter, which consists of nerve fibers covered by myelin.

Lewy body dementia is caused by a buildup of proteins in the brain. It affects thinking, memory and movement.

Lissencephaly is a rare congenital condition that causes a developing brain to appear smooth instead of having normal bumps and folds. Lissencephaly is often caused by a genetic mutation, though non-genetic factors can also cause it.

Locked-in syndrome is a complex medical condition presenting with quadriplegia, bulbar palsy, and whole-body sensory loss due to damage in the brain stem, most commonly the anterior pons. Cognition, vertical eye movement, blinking, and hearing are classically preserved in patients suffering from the condition.

Lupus erythematosus-neurological sequelae can cause other neurological disorders, such as mild cognitive dysfunction, organic brain syndrome, peripheral neuropathies, sensory neuropathy, psychological problems (including personality changes, paranoia, mania, and schizophrenia), seizures, transverse myelitis, and paralysis.

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread to people through the bite of blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system.

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD-III), also called spinocerebellar ataxia type III, is a rare, inherited, ataxia (lack of muscular control) affecting the central nervous system and characterized by the slow degeneration of particular areas of the brain called the hindbrain. Patients with MJD may eventually become crippled and/or paralyzed but their intellect remains intact. The onset of symptoms of MJD varies from early teens to late adulthood.

Macrencephaly (also known as macrencephaly) is a condition present at birth where your child’s brain is abnormally large. The brain itself is too heavy — it weighs more than expected for your child’s age and body size. An early sign of megalencephaly may be an unusually large head.

Macropsia Mal de debarquement is a rare and poorly understood disorder of the vestibular system that results in a phantom perception of self- motion typically described as rocking, bobbing or swaying. The symptoms tend to be exacerbated when a patient is not moving, for example, when sleeping or standing still.

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is a progressive condition that affects brain development and function. Individuals with this condition typically have an enlarged brain (megalencephaly) that is evident at birth or within the first year of life.

Megalencephaly is a condition where a child has a large brain. It can cause seizures and developmental delays.

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurring facial paralysis, swelling of the face and lips (usually upper lip), and the development of folds and furrows in the tongue. Onset is in childhood or early adolescence.

Menieres disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness or congestion in the ear. Ménière’s disease usually affects only one ear, but in 15% to 25% of people with the disorder, both ears may be affected.

Meningitis is the inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by infection. It can be fatal and requires immediate medical care. Meningitis can be caused by several species of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Most infections can be transmitted from person to person.

Menkes disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7A gene that regulates the metabolism of copper in the body. The disease primarily affects male infants. Copper accumulates at abnormally low levels in the liver and brain, but at higher-than-normal levels in the kidney and intestinal lining.

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder that results in a buildup of sulfatides that leads to the destruction of the myelin sheath, leading to progressive demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous system. Once the diagnosis is made, an interprofessional approach is vital.

Microcephaly ) is a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected. Babies with microcephaly often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly. Researchers estimate that about 1 in every 1,150 babies is born with microcephaly in the US.

Micropsia is a syndrome in which the shape of objects appears distorted. It can be permanent, affect parts of the visual field, and may have a retinal, cortical, or even subcortical origin. In some instances, however, metamorphopsia may be restricted to faces, either permanently or transiently when associated with epilepsy.

Migraine is a severe headache that causes throbbing, pulsing head pain on one side of your head.

Miller Fisher syndrome is one of the rare forms of a spectrum of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). It is a neurological condition that causes mild to severe muscle weakness. It is caused by an immune system reaction against certain proteins in our nerves important for movement, sensation, and function.

Mini-stroke (transient ischemic attack) , or TIA, is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. The clot usually dissolves on its own or gets dislodged, and the symptoms usually last less than five minutes. While a TIA doesn’t cause permanent damage, it’s a “warning stroke” signaling a possible full-blown stroke ahead.

Misophonia is a disorder in which certain sounds trigger emotional or physiological responses that some might perceive as unreasonable given the circumstance. Those who have misophonia might describe it as when a sound “drives you crazy.” Their reactions can range from anger and annoyance to panic and the need to flee.

Mitochondrial myopathy are types of myopathies associated with mitochondrial disease. Adenosine triphosphate, the chemical used to provide energy for the cell, cannot be produced sufficiently by oxidative phosphorylation when the mitochondrion is either damaged or missing necessary enzymes or transport proteins.

Mobius syndrome is a type of congenital facial paralysis or palsy. The condition usually affects both sides of the face. While researchers have not identified the cause(s) of Moebius syndrome, studies suggest a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors.

Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA), also known as Hirayama disease, is a sporadic juvenile muscular atrophy in the distal upper extremities. This disorder rarely involves proximal upper extremities and presents minimal sensory symptoms with no upper motor neuron (UMN) signs. It is caused by anterior displacement of the posterior dural sac and compression of the cervical cord during neck flexion.

Morvan syndrome is an uncommon and complex neurological disorder characterized by hyperactivity of the central, autonomic, and peripheral nervous systems.

Motor skills disorder involves a developmental delay of movement and posture that leaves children with coordination substantially below that of others of their age and intelligence level. These children seem so clumsy and awkward they are rarely picked for teams at school.

Moyamoya disease is a rare condition in which the blood vessels (internal carotid arteries) that supply blood to the brain become narrowed. This limits the flow of blood to the brain, and puts them at risk for stroke. The brain tries to make up for reduced blood flow by growing new blood vessels, called collaterals.

Mucopolysaccharidoses MPS) are a group of rare inherited metabolic diseases. There are many different types of MPS which present a variety of physical and neurological symptoms. Glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long chains of sugars (carbohydrates) in our cells.

Multifocal motor neuropathy, a rare, acquired, motor neuropathy characterized by progressive asymmetric weakness without sensory problems.

Multi-infarct dementia is a common cause of memory loss in older people. MID is caused by multiple strokes (disruption of blood flow to the brain) which lead to damaged brain tissue. Some strokes may occur without noticeable symptoms; doctors may refer to these as “silent strokes.”

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. MS is unpredictable. Some people may be only mildly affected. Others may lose the ability to see clearly, write, speak, or walk. Early symptoms can include vision problems, trouble walking, and tingling feelings.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA), formerly called Shy-Drager syndrome, is a rare condition of the brain and nervous system. MSA affects the body’s ability to control automatic processes (body functions that you don’t have to think about) such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, movement, and blood pressure.

Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles. These disorders (of which there are more than 30) vary in age of onset, severity, and the pattern of the affected muscles.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis s a serious and often long-lasting illness that keeps people from doing their usual activities. It makes physical and mental exertion difficult. Symptoms include trouble thinking, severe tiredness and other symptoms. There is no known cause or cure.

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles. Myasthenia gravis affects the voluntary muscles of the body, especially those that control the eyes, mouth, throat and limbs.

Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis is a rare condition that usually starts in childhood. It’s most common in boys between 7 and 12 years old. It’s a problem with the body’s myelin.

Myoclonic Encephalopathy of infants is a rare self-limited epileptic syndrome characterized by brief myoclonic seizures in previously healthy and developmentally normal children in the first three years of life. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.

Myoclonus Myopathy describes an involuntary and uncontrollable muscle contraction disorder consisting of sudden, brief, and lightning-like movements of a specific muscle, group of muscles, or even the entire body.

Myotonia congenita is a disorder that affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). Beginning in childhood, people with this condition experience bouts of sustained muscle tensing (myotonia) that prevent muscles from relaxing normally.

Myotubular myopathy is a condition that primarily affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and occurs almost exclusively in males. People with this condition have muscle weakness (myopathy) and decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) that are usually evident at birth.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy may feel rested after waking, but then feel very sleepy throughout much of the day.

Neuro-Behcet’s disease is recognized as a disease that cause inflammatory perivasculitis, inflammation of the tissue around a blood or lymph vessel, in practically any tissue in the body. Usually, prevalent symptoms include canker sores or ulcers in the mouth and on the genitals, and inflammation in parts of the eye.

Neurofibromatosis (NF), a type of phakomatosis or syndrome with neurological and cutaneous manifestations, is a rare genetic disorder that typically causes benign tumors of the nerves and growths in other parts of the body, including the skin.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotic medications. Symptoms include high fever, confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood pressure, sweating, and fast heart rate.

Neuromyotonia is a rare, progressive nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity and muscle stiffness that cannot be controlled, even during sleep. The condition, also called Issacs syndrome, often affects the muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk, but may affect the whole body.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis refers to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system. Signs and symptoms vary widely between the forms but generally include a combination of dementia, vision loss, and epilepsy.

Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons (nerve cells) in the developing brain and nervous system. In the developing brain, nerve cells migrate or move from their place of origin to the place where they will remain for life. When this process goes wrong, neurons do not end up where they belong. This can result in structurally abnormal or missing areas of the brain in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem, or hippocampus.

Neuropathy is a form of nerve damage that is estimated to affect more than 20 million Americans. It often accompanies other health problems including diabetes, cancer, shingles, autoimmune disease or injury.

Neurosis is a term mainly used today by followers of Freudian thinking to describe mental disorders caused by past anxiety, often that has been repressed. In recent history, the term has been used to refer to anxiety-related conditions more generally.

Niemann-Pick disease also known as acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, is a group of rare genetic diseases of varying severity. These are inherited metabolic disorders in which sphingomyelin accumulates in lysosomes in cells of many organs.

Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (N24) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which an individual’s biological clock fails to synchronize to a 24-hour day. Instead of sleeping at roughly the same time every day, someone with N24 will typically find their sleep time gradually delaying by minutes to hours every day.

Nonverbal learning disorder, or NLD, is a learning disorder in which kids have trouble with skills like understanding concepts, finding patterns, and organizing information. They also struggle to apply those patterns and concepts to new situations.

Occipital Neuralgia is a condition in which the occipital nerves, the nerves that run through the scalp, are injured or inflamed. This causes headaches that feel like severe piercing, throbbing or shock-like pain in the upper neck, back of the head or behind the ears.

Occult spinal dysraphism sequence are closed forms of spinal dysraphism in which the skin covers the neural tissue.

Ohtahara syndrome is a rare form of epilepsy characterized by seizures and developmental delays that usually occur within the first three months of life (most often within the first 10 days). Some cases are caused by a brain abnormality, metabolic disorder, or gene mutation, while other cases have no known cause.

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain – the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olivary nucleus.

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome , also known as opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia, is a rare neurological disorder of unknown cause which appears to be the result of an autoimmune process involving the nervous system. It is an extremely rare condition, affecting as few as 1 in 10,000,000 people per year.

Optic neuritis is a condition that affects the eye and your vision. It occurs when your optic nerve is inflamed and swollen. The optic nerve sends messages from your eyes to your brain so that you can interpret visual images.

Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when you stand from a seated or prone (lying down) position.

O’Sullivan-McLeod syndrome is a rare acquired motor neuron disease characterized by an initial unilateral weakness in the intrinsic hand muscles that eventually spreads to the opposite limb (with an asymmetrical distribution) and that has a very slow progression of muscular atrophy over a 20 year period

Otosclerosis is caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear. Bone remodeling is a lifelong process in which bone tissue renews itself by replacing old tissue with new.

Palinopsia is the term for a group of vision symptoms that cause you to keep seeing something even when it’s not still there. It happens when something disrupts how your brain processes your vision. It can be a symptom of many conditions, some of them dangerous.

PANDAS or pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections is a controversial hypothetical diagnosis for a subset of children with rapid onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder or tic disorders.

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, formerly called Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome, is a genetic degenerative disease of the brain that can lead to parkinsonism, dystonia, dementia, and ultimately death. Neurodegeneration in PKAN is accompanied by an excess of iron that progressively builds up in the brain.

Paramyotonia congenita is a disorder that affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). Beginning in infancy or early childhood, people with this condition experience bouts of sustained muscle tensing (myotonia) that prevent muscles from relaxing normally.

Paresthesia is the technical term for the sensation of tingling, burning, pricking or prickling, skin-crawling, itching, “pins and needles” or numbness on or just underneath your skin. It can affect places on and throughout your body and happens without an outside cause or warning.

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over time. As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty walking and talking.

Paraneoplastic diseases is a syndrome that is the consequence of a tumor in the body. It is specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor. Unlike a mass effect, it is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.

Paroxysmal attacks are a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms, such as a spasm or seizure. These short, frequent symptoms can be observed in various clinical conditions.

Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare disease presenting in early childhood characterized by progressive shrinkage and degeneration of the tissues beneath the skin, usually on only one side of the face but occasionally extending to other parts of the body.

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is a rare condition that’s usually genetic and affects your brain and spinal cord. It often causes problems with movement or muscle function. Some people with PMD also experience developmental delays. PMD is progressive, meaning the symptoms worsen over time.

Periodic paralyses is a group of rare genetic diseases that lead to weakness or paralysis from common triggers such as cold, heat, high carbohydrate meals, not eating, stress or excitement and physical activity of any kind.

Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged. This condition often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It also can affect other areas and body functions including digestion and urination.

Pervasive developmental disorders(PDD), now known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are characterized by delays in the development of social and communication skills. Parents may note symptoms as early as infancy, although the typical age of onset is by 3 years of age.

Phantom limb/Phantom pain is the perception of pain or discomfort in a limb that is no longer there. PLP most commonly presents as a sequela of amputation. The underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood.

Photic sneeze reflex is an inherited and congenital autosomal dominant reflex condition that causes sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or periocular injection. The condition affects 18–35% of the world’s population, but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood.

Phytanic acid storage disease is caused by inherited defects in the metabolic pathway for phytanic acid, a dietary branched-chain fatty acid. Poorly metabolized phytanic acid accumulates in fatty tissues, including myelin sheaths, and in organs including the liver and kidneys.

Pick’s disease Pinched nerve is a kind of dementia similar to Alzheimer’s but far less common.

Pituitary tumors affect the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland makes hormones that help control functions such as growth and reproduction. The cause of pituitary adenomas is unknown. Gene changes may play a role in how these tumors form. But most people who get a pituitary tumor don’t have any factors that raise their risk of developing one.

Polyneuropathy s damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body, featuring weakness, numbness, and burning pain.

PMG is a condition characterized by abnormal development of the brain before birth.

Polio is an illness caused by a virus that mainly affects nerves in the spinal cord or brain stem. In its most severe form, polio can lead to a person being unable to move certain limbs, also called paralysis. It can also lead to trouble breathing and sometimes death.

Polymicrogyria is a condition characterized by abnormal development of the brain before birth. While a baby is still in the womb, brain cells called neurons are migrating to where they are supposed to go. For some reason, the neurons become disorganized and land in the wrong places.

Polymyositis is an uncommon inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness affecting both sides of your body. Having this condition can make it difficult to climb stairs, rise from a seated position, lift objects or reach overhead.

Porencephaly is a rare disorder that causes fluid-filled cysts to develop on your brain. It develops before or shortly after birth.

Post-polio syndrome is a group of latent symptoms of poliomyelitis, occurring at about a 25–40% rate. They are caused by the damaging effects of the viral infection on the nervous system and typically occur 15 to 30 years after an initial acute paralytic attack.

Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common complication of shingles. It causes a burning pain in nerves and skin. The pain lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles go away. The risk of postherpetic neuralgia rises with age. It mainly affects people older than 60.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a mental health condition that’s caused by an extremely stressful or terrifying event — either being part of it or witnessing it.

Postural hypotension is the form of low blood pressure might cause dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting when rising from sitting or lying down.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is a condition that causes a number of symptoms when you transition from lying down to standing up, such as a fast heart rate, dizziness and fatigue.

Prader-Willi syndrome Primary lateral sclerosis is a rare and complex genetic disorder that impacts the metabolic, endocrine, and neurologic systems.

Prion diseases are transmissible, untreatable, and fatal brain diseases of mammals. Their cause is highly unusual: The host’s normal prion protein can, for unknown reasons, malfunction and assemble into structured aggregates called prions that cause infectious brain disease.

Progressive hemifacial atrophy is a rare acquired disorder, characterized by unilateral slowly progressive atrophy of the skin and soft tissues of half of the face leading to a sunken appearance. Muscles, cartilage and the underlying bony structures may also be involved.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare infection that damages the material (myelin) that covers and protects nerves in the white matter of the brain. The tissue called gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is also known as substantia grisea, and is made up of cell bodies.

Progressive supranuclear palsy is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and cognitive impairment.

Prosopagnosia is a condition where you struggle to recognize faces or can’t interpret facial expressions and cues. It usually happens because of brain damage, but some people have it at birth. Treatment focuses on underlying causes or helping you adapt so you can recognize people in other ways.

Pseudotumor cerebri(PTC), also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a problem caused by elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the brain.

Quadrantanopia efers to not being able to see in one-fourth of your visual field. It can be bilateral (happens in both eyes).

Quadriplegia, or tetraplegia, is a condition where all four limbs experience paralysis. Quadriplegics often have experienced severe trauma.

Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease. It can be spread to people and pets through the bites and scratches of an infected animal. Rabies primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to severe brain disease and death if medical care is not received before symptoms start.

Radiculopathy describes a range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column. The pinched nerve can occur at different areas along the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar). Symptoms of radiculopathy vary by location but frequently include pain, weakness, numbness and tingling.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome type I is a rare neurological disorder. It causes seizures, tremors, loss of bodily function and cognitive impairment. Ramsay Hunt cerebellar syndrome is another name for the condition.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II is also known as herpes zoster oticus because reactivation of varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion is what causes this disease. Ramsay Hunt Syndrome type 2 can account for 12% of all facial palsies and has a worse prognosis when compared to Bell’s palsy.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome type III is a type of neuropathy in the palm section of your ulnar nerve. Hunt’s disease and artisan’s palsy are other names for the condition. Ramsay Hunt syndrome can occur as a complication of shingles. The condition can cause a painful rash, severe pain and facial paralysis.

Rasmussen encephalitis is a chronic inflammation of the brain which progresses in severity over time. The inflammation typically affects one side of the brain, or cerebral hemisphere, and causes severe episodes of epileptic activity including chronic, focal seizures.

Reflex neurovascular dystrophy (RSDS) and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), occur when the sympathetic nervous system goes awry.

Refsum disease is an exceptionally rare genetic disorder affecting peroxisome function, with fewer than 1 in 10 million individuals affected in the United States. This autosomal recessive condition arises from a deficiency in phytanoyl-coenzyme A hydroxylase, crucial for metabolizing phytanic acid.

REM sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which people act out their dreams. It involves abnormal behavior during the sleep phase with rapid eye movement sleep. The major feature of RBD is loss of muscle atonia during otherwise intact REM sleep.

Repetitive stress injury is caused by repeated use of a body part, such as your shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist or hand. For example, you can get RSI if: you do repetitive activities like hairdressing, decorating, typing or working on an assembly line.

Restless legs syndrome is a condition that causes a very strong urge to move the legs. The urge to move usually is caused by an uncomfortable feeling in the legs. It typically happens in the evening or at night when sitting or lying down. Moving eases the discomfort for a short time.

Retrovirus-associated myelopathy also can cause a neurological disease called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in about 5% of those infected.

Rett syndrome affects the way the brain develops, causing a progressive inability to use muscles for eye and body movements and language.

Reye’s syndrome, a rare, but serious condition that causes confusion, swelling in the brain, and liver damage.
Children recovering from a viral infection such as chickenpox or flu or who have a metabolic disorder are most at risk, especially if they’ve been taking aspirin.

Rhythmic movement disorder represents an unusual variety of childhood parasomnia characterized by repetitive motion of the head, trunk, or extremities, which usually occurs during the transition from wakefulness to sleep or arises during sustained sleep.

Romberg syndrome, also called Romberg syndrome or progressive facial hemiatrophy, is a condition where the tissue of one side of the face gradually wastes away. Over time, the soft tissue (muscle and fat) gradually shrinks, the facial bones may change, and the skin may become thin.

Saint Vitus dance, also known as rheumatic chorea, is a disorder characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet. Sydenham’s chorea is an autoimmune disease that results from childhood infection with Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus. Wikipedia

Sandhoff disease is a rare genetic condition that usually appears in infants. Lack of an enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase causes toxic levels of fat in the brain and spinal cord nerve cells. Sandhoff disease causes problems in muscles, organs and development, usually leading to death in early childhood.

Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare genetic metabolism disorder. A change in a single gene makes a child’s body unable to break down certain carbohydrates (sugars). This leads to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.

Schilder’s disease (two distinct conditions) is an extremely rare disease that involves the breakdown of the protective coating (called myelin) over nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It typically begins in childhood or adolescence and slowly gets worse. Lesions form in each half of the brain.

Schizencephaly is a rare congenital neuronal migration disorder characterized by the presence of a full-thickness cleft, lined with heterotopic gray matter and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which connects the pial surface of the cerebral hemisphere with the ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle.

Sensory processing disorder is a condition in which multisensory input is not adequately processed in order to provide appropriate responses to the demands of the environment. Sensory processing disorder is present in many people with dyspraxia, autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Septo-optic dysplasia, known also as de Morsier syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation syndrome that features a combination of the underdevelopment of the optic nerve, pituitary gland dysfunction, and absence of the septum pellucidum.

Shaken baby syndrome is a type of brain injury that occurs when a baby is shaken violently. This can cause swelling, bruising and bleeding in their brain.

Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Shingles can occur anywhere on your body. It typically looks like a single stripe of blisters that wraps around the left side or the right side of your torso. Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox.

Shy-Drager syndrome is a rare condition of the brain and nervous system. MSA affects the body’s ability to control automatic processes (body functions that you don’t have to think about) such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, movement, and blood pressure.

Sjogren’s syndrome is a disorder of your immune system identified by its two most common symptoms — dry eyes and a dry mouth. The condition often accompanies other immune system disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Sleep apnea is a common condition in which your breathing stops and restarts many times while you sleep.

Sleeping sickness is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma, transmitted to humans by bites of tsetse flies (glossina) which have acquired the parasites from infected humans or animals.

Snatiation is a term coined to refer to the medical condition originally termed “stomach sneeze reflex”, which is characterized by uncontrollable bursts of sneezing brought on by fullness of the stomach, typically immediately after a large meal. The type of food consumed does not appear to affect its occurrence.

Sotos syndrome is a disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, overgrowth in childhood, and learning disabilities or delayed development of mental and movement abilities. Characteristic facial features include a long, narrow face; a high forehead; flushed (reddened) cheeks; and a small, pointed chin.

Spasticity is abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction. It is a symptom associated with damage to the brain, spinal cord or motor nerves, and is seen in individuals with neurological conditions, such as: Cerebral palsy (CP) Multiple sclerosis (MS).

Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine. It is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not form properly or close all the way.

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, popularly known as Kennedy’s disease, is a rare, adult-onset, X-linked recessive lower motor neuron disease caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansions in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene, which results in both loss of AR function and toxic gain of function.

Spinal cord injury is damage to the bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain.

Spinal cord tumors or growths of any kind can lead to pain, neurological problems and sometimes paralysis.

Spinal muscular atrophy is a disorder affecting the motor neurons—nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement. These cells are located in the spinal cord. Because the muscles cannot respond to signals from the nerves, they atrophy — weaken and shrink — from inactivity.

Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 is an extremely rare type of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) that results from irreversible deterioration of alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord.

Spinocerebellar ataxia is an inherited (autosomal dominant), progressive, neurodegenerative, and heterogeneous disease that mainly affects the cerebellum.

Split-brain,’ usually the brain of a mammal, is one in which all direct, ‘one-neuron’ connections between the two forebrain cerebral cortices have been cut. The largest interhemispheric bridge, or commissure, is the corpus callosum (Bogen 1985, Innocenti 1986).

Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and cognitive impairment.

Stiff-person syndrome, also known as stiff-man syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder of unclear cause characterized by progressive muscular rigidity and stiffness. The stiffness primarily affects the truncal muscles and is characterised by spasms, resulting in postural deformities.

Stroke occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. In either case, parts of the brain become damaged or die. A stroke can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by angiomas involving the face, choroid, and leptomeninges. The facial capillary vascular malformation is also known as “port-wine stain” or “nevus flammeus” and usually is seen in the territory of the trigeminal nerve.

Stuttering is a speech condition that disrupts the normal flow of speech. Fluency means having an easy and smooth flow and rhythm when speaking. With stuttering, the interruptions in flow happen often and cause problems for the speaker. Other names for stuttering are stammering and childhood-onset fluency disorder.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). The disease may develop due to reactivation of the measles virus or an inappropriate immune response to the measles virus.

Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy is a chronic vascular dementia with hydrocephalus characterized clinically by: (i) subacute focal neurological deficit; (ii) acute strokes; (iii) dementia; (iv) motor signs and pseudobulbar palsy; (v) hydrocephalus; (vi) persistent hypertension and systemic vascular disease.

Superficial siderosis is an uncommon and often unrecognized disorder caused by chronic slow or repeated bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Sydenham’s chorea involves jerky, uncontrollable and purposeless movements of the hands, arms, shoulder, face, legs, and trunk. These movements look like twitches, and disappear during sleep. Other symptoms may include: Changes in handwriting.

Syncope Synesthesia is an interesting brain condition in which one sensation triggers another. And both sensations are experienced at the same time.

Syringomyelia is a neurological disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) forms within the spinal cord. The syrinx can get big enough to damage the spinal cord and compress and injure the nerve fibers that carry information to and from the brain to the body.

Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome that encompasses a constellation of iatrogenic movement disorders caused by the antagonism of dopamine receptors. The movement disorders include akathisia, dystonia, buccolingual stereotypy, chorea, tics, and other abnormal involuntary movements.

Tarlov cyst is a fluid-filled sac that sits on the nerve roots that extend out from your spinal cord. The fluid inside the cyst is usually cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The cysts are most common in your lower back (sacrum) and can form after an injury.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is caused by a compression of the posterior tibial nerve and causes pain, tingling or numbness in the foot.

Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited condition that mainly affects babies and young children. It stops the nerves working properly and is usually fatal. It used to be most common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (most Jewish people in the UK), but many cases now occur in people from other ethnic backgrounds.

Temporal arteritis is where the arteries, particularly those at the side of the head (the temples), become inflamed. It’s serious and needs urgent treatment.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is an enduring brain disorder that causes unprovoked seizures from the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal onset epilepsy among adults.

Tetanus is a serious disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. The disease causes muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw. Severe complications of tetanus can be life-threatening. There’s no cure for tetanus.

Tethered spinal cord syndrome refers to a group of neurological disorders that relate to malformations of the spinal cord. Various forms include tight filum terminale, lipomeningomyelocele, split cord malformations, occult, dermal sinus tracts, and dermoids.

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magnetoencephalography.

Thomsen disease is a hereditary muscle disorder characterized by muscle stiffness and a delay in relaxation after a voluntary muscle contraction.

Thoracic outlet syndrome affects the space between the collarbone and first rib (thoracic outlet). Common causes include trauma, repetitive injuries, pregnancy, and anatomical defects, such as having an extra rib. Symptoms include pain in the shoulders and neck and numbness, weakness, and coldness in the fingers. Treatment involves physical therapy and pain relief. In rare cases, surgery may be needed to relieve the compression.

Tic Douloureux is a type of chronic pain disorder that involves sudden attacks of severe facial pain. It affects the trigeminal nerve, or the fifth cranial nerve, which provides feeling and nerve signaling to parts of the head and face.

Tinnitus is the perception of sound that does not have an external source, so other people cannot hear it. Tinnitus is commonly described as a ringing sound, but some people hear other types of sounds, such as roaring or buzzing.

Todd’s paralysis is a neurological condition experienced by individuals with epilepsy, in which a seizure is followed by a brief period of temporary paralysis. The paralysis may be partial or complete but usually occurs on just one side of the body.

Tourette syndrome is a condition of the nervous system. TS causes people to have “tics”. Tics are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly. People who have tics cannot stop their body from doing these things. For example, a person might keep blinking over and over.